Cold Subtropical Highland (Cwc) Climate
The cold subtropical highland climate, classified as Cwc under the Köppen system, is a rare and intriguing climate type found at high elevations in subtropical latitudes. This climate occupies a narrow niche where altitude tempers the heat of the tropics, creating mild year-round temperatures with a distinct seasonal rhythm. Cwc occurs primarily in the highlands of Bolivia, Peru, and Ethiopia, with cities like La Paz (Bolivia) and Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) serving as prime examples. The climate feels like a perpetual spring or autumn: days are pleasant, but nights can be chilly. The wet season runs from November to March (in the Southern Hemisphere) or June to September (in the Northern Hemisphere), while the dry season brings cooler, sunnier weather. Snow is rare but possible at the highest elevations.
Top cities in this climate
About Cold Subtropical Highland climate
The Köppen code Cwc stands for a temperate climate with cool summers and dry winters. The first letter 'C' indicates a temperate climate, where the coldest month averages between 0°C and 18°C. The second 'w' signifies a winter dry season, meaning the driest month in winter receives less than one-tenth of the precipitation in the wettest summer month. The third 'c' denotes cool summers, with the warmest month averaging below 22°C. This makes Cwc distinct from other subtropical highland climates like Cwb (warm summers) and Cwa (monsoon-influenced). Cwc is often called a 'cold subtropical highland' or 'subtropical alpine' climate, though it is not truly alpine because of its moderate temperatures.
Seasonal patterns in Cwc are moderate but distinct. Summers are mild and rainy, with average highs around 18–22°C (64–72°F) and lows near 8–12°C (46–54°F). Precipitation during the wet season can reach 150–250 mm per month. Winters are drier and cooler, with highs of 15–18°C (59–64°F) and lows often dropping to 2–5°C (36–41°F). Frost can occur on clear winter nights, but snow is infrequent. The annual temperature range is narrow, typically 5–8°C, due to the latitude and altitude. For example, La Paz experiences January highs of 19°C and July highs of 16°C, with annual rainfall around 600 mm concentrated in the summer months.
Packing for a trip to a Cwc region requires layers. Lightweight clothing for warm afternoons, a jacket or fleece for evenings and early mornings, and a rain jacket for the wet season. A warm hat and gloves are advisable for winter nights. The best time to visit depends on preferences: the dry season (winter) offers clearer skies and cooler temperatures, ideal for hiking and sightseeing, while the wet season brings lush landscapes but frequent rain. In La Paz, the dry season from May to October is most popular; in Addis Ababa, dry months are October to February. Sun protection is important at high altitude, regardless of season.
Notable cities with Cwc include La Paz (Bolivia), El Alto (Bolivia), and Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). La Paz sits at 3,640 m (11,942 ft) and experiences a climate that is cooler than other subtropical highland cities due to its extreme elevation; it is on the borderline between Cwc and Cwb. El Alto, even higher at 4,050 m, has a colder variation with winter lows near freezing. Addis Ababa, at 2,355 m, enjoys a milder version with wet summers and dry winters. Travelers to these cities should acclimatize to altitude slowly, as the combination of cool temperatures and thin air can cause altitude sickness. Each city offers a unique cultural experience, from the Andean markets of La Paz to the historic churches of Addis Ababa.
Soalan Lazim
Where does the cold subtropical highland climate occur?
This climate is found at high elevations in subtropical latitudes, primarily in the Andes of Bolivia and Peru (e.g., La Paz) and the Ethiopian Highlands (e.g., Addis Ababa). It also appears in small areas of the Himalayas and New Guinea.
What is the difference between Cwc and Cwb?
Both have dry winters, but Cwb has warm summers (warmest month above 22°C) while Cwc has cool summers (warmest month below 22°C). Cwc is rarer and found at higher altitudes or more southerly latitudes.
Is the cold subtropical highland climate good for travel?
Yes, but altitude is a concern. The climate offers mild temperatures year-round, with a dry season that is ideal for outdoor activities. Popular destinations like La Paz and Addis Ababa have rich cultural attractions. Visitors should allow time to acclimatize.
What are typical temperatures in a Cwc climate?
Warmest month averages around 15–20°C (59–68°F), coldest month around 5–10°C (41–50°F). Daily highs range from 15°C in winter to 22°C in summer, while nights can drop to 2–5°C. Frost is possible but snow is rare.
Does it snow in cold subtropical highland climates?
Snowfall is infrequent and usually light, occurring only at the highest elevations (above 4,000 m) during the coldest months. In cities like La Paz and Addis Ababa, snow is a rare event that draws attention.
How much rainfall does a Cwc climate receive?
Annual precipitation typically ranges from 500 to 1,000 mm. Most rain falls in the summer wet season, while winters are distinctly drier. For example, La Paz gets about 600 mm, with almost all rain from November to March.